Baake & Halliday

Baake, Ken. (2003). Metaphor: Constituting or Decorating Theory in Science.Metaphor and Knowledge: The Challenges of Writing Science, New York: State University of New York Press 43-78.

Baake's, Metaphor: Constituting or Decorating Theory in Science argues that language is a tool and is transformational for the audience to understand what is being said, which sets him up to describe how metaphors can define speech in everyday life. Baake develops this idea by stating how we use language as a tool and then explaining how we use metaphors to transform language to make things more relatable. Baakes purpose is to show the use of metaphor in the human language in order to allow his readers to understand how important the tool of metaphors are to making people understand messages we attempt to convey. Baake is speaking mostly to rhetoricians, but also anybody studying language, or people wanting to know more about how to create solid rhetoric. 

"Hence, the only way we know anything is through language" (45). I like this quote because it is so powerful, and creates such a deep thought in the mind. 

"Of course, one could argue that a metaphor of the sun as a furnace today hardly advances the science of solar energy, even for nomads" (57). This sentence argues that we must connect metaphors to things that make sense in order to correctly explain something, without simplifying it into a way that leaves out too much important information. 

Halliday, M. A. K. (1999:2004). The Grammatical Construction of Scientific Knowledge: The Framing of the English Clause. The Language of Science, New York: Continuum 102-134.

Halliday creates an argument that learning to use clauses to create metaphors that work for specific audiences and understanding audiences is one of the most important parts of the English language. Halliday does this by explaining how discourses are important in language and then looking at how the clauses of a metaphor work to create a statement that makes sense to specific audiences. The purpose of this is to explain how people use clauses in language in order to use language as a tool for audiences. Halliday is speaking to all rhetoricians, to help people with language. 

"If we interpret something as a metaphor, we are setting up a semantic relationship between two linguistic variants" (104). This sets up the definition Halliday uses for metaphor, which shows the difference between Halliday and Baake. 

"The notion of grammatical metaphor also implies a history: there must be a (congruent) construal meaning first, before any further meaning can be construed by departing metaphorically from it" (114). Halliday uses this statement to show the importance of the audience understanding the relationship you are trying to form before forming it as a metaphor.